3432 Security 'the use of, or facilitation of, illegal, clandestine, coercive or deceptive means by a private sector entity or its surrogates to acquire economic intelligence'. It is organized by foreign intelligence services (governmental espionage) or by corporations (industrial espionage) ( Reisman, 2006 ) and it is executed by human experts (agents) in a specific target field that are able to distinguish between mundane information and information that is relevant for own organizational purposes ( Kaperonis, 1984 ).' Thorleuchter and Van den Poel, 2013, p. 83 Risk Management 'Espionage is defined as the access to sensitive information without obtaining approval by the holder of the information ( Crane, 2005 ). 1040 Psychological 'Corporate espionage essentially describes illegal and unethical activities undertaken by organizations to systematically gather, analyse and manage information on competitors with the purpose of gaining a competitive edge in the market.' Vashisth and Kumar, 2013, p.

To inform food defence risk assessment and management processes, this taxonomy needs to be developed and accepted across the food industry so that threats can be consistently and effectively addressed and as a result consumers, industry partners, shareholders and also the organisation itself can be protected. This can lead to large scale, economic, political or social unrest and disruption of the supply chain and thus fit within the scope of food defence activities. These threats can cause actual harm to individuals, members of certain populations and communities or to organisations. More covert threats include sabotage, espionage, intellectual property theft, and cybercrime, including hacktivism. Key findings: In order to differentiate food defence threats (food attack) from wider food crime, the research postulates that food defence strategies needs to address intentional adulteration to gain personal attention, to gain financial reward through extortion or to gain attention for a particular cause or ideology i.e. Scope and approach: This research seeks to position food defence as a supply chain risk mitigation strategy and use case studies of real-world issues to frame the taxonomy of food defence threats.

There is however a knowledge gap with regard to the types of threat that fall within the scope of a food defence strategy and also how these issues can then be mitigated and where possible eliminated. Indeed implementing an effective food defence strategy is a key pre-requisite to comply with third party certification standards. Background: Awareness of the need to address food defence is gaining pace in the food industry.

Unethical espionage definition